A Report on Data Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 634 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2018/12/28 Category Information Systems Essay Type Assignment Level High school Tags: Student Essay Did you like this example? Data Analysis Process Collecting data was a vital step in improving studentsperformance. However, this data will make merit if not properly analyzed and implemented. As a result, the data analysis team is very vital, and it should conduct a proper scrutiny. The team consisted of three groups with each tasked to analyze the data in grades 6, 7 and 8. Each sub-team started with examining the disaggregated Math and reading test scores. Here, the data of students by race was analyzed. The team compared the academic performance of the African Americans, the whites, and the Hispanics. After the evaluating, if a race has an impact on ones performance, the team went ahead to analyze data from Math, Social Studies and reading tests for three consecutive years. This examination aimed at finding out the students progress in the various grade levels. The sub-groups then teamed up and analyzed data of individual students. This step examined the reading tests for the studentsat grade 4, 5 and 6. Finally, the team analyzed the value-added data for each student. Here, the team examined data of individual studentsover time to ascertain if the learners performance is consistent or the reverse. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Report on Data Analysis" essay for you Create order Findings of the Key Questions There is an inconsistent improvement in the Math test scores for students in different grades. It is only in grade 8 that studentsperformance has improved over time. There was a percentage increase from 49.2 then to 55.5 and finally 64.9 in 2007, 2008 and 2009 academic years respectively. The other grades registered an improvement in the second year of research, but this dropped in the subsequent year. This data indicates strength in the policies and studies of students at the 8th grade. However, there are no policies or structures to improve performance in category seven and six as far as Math performance is concerned. There is no stable reading performance in the Greenwood Middle School based on the grade level. It seems that the students at grade 8 perform much better than students in other levels. For instance, considering the academic year 2008/2009, studentsat the 8th level registered a 62.6% in the reading test whereas those in grade 6 and 7 registered 43.7% and 56.3% respectively. This data indicates weakness in learning activities. It seems that the school is only focused on the 8th level students ignoring the others. This negligence can be backed up by the fact that over the years the students in the 8th grade have performed far much better on the reading tests and other academic tasks. The analyses of data suggest that studentsare likely to perform much better in Social Studies in the 6th grade than other levels. However, the performance is quite embarrassing as the class score is meager. Also, these results seem to get worse in the different grades. For instance, for the academic year 2009/2010, the students scored an average of 44.6%, 36.5% and 41.0% in the 6th, 7th and 8th grade respectively. The data depicts a weakness that cut across all the levels. At first, the result should be consistent across all levels, but most essential measures should be put in place to enhance the performance of students. There is a consistent parity in performance based on race. The whites seem to perform far much better than the other students yet at the same level. For instance, in the grade 8 reading score, the whites have an average of 79.3%, the African Americans 59.6% and the Hispanics 69.8%. However, the analysis of individual students showed consistency regardless of race or grade. The data on students performance based on their race can help the school device an improvement strategy. It could be the main reason resulting in poor performances at the various levels. Also, as individual students show consistency, there must be academic and non-academic factors attributed to it. The school should put in place measures that will facilitate the well-being of the non-whites. References Conley, D. (2010).? College and career ready. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Atheism Is Not A Religion, A Worldview Or A Belief System

There have been numerous debates between the religious and atheists, and all seem to end with the same conclusion: neither side changed at all. Atheism is defined as the rejection of the God hypothesis. Atheism is not a religion, a worldview or a belief system; they are just denying religious claims that fail to provide evidence. Christians follow the teachings of â€Å"Jesus Christ† written in the bible. They believe god created the earth in seven days and that he will soon send his son, Jesus to earth to take the faithful to heaven. Deep analyzation of evolution, creationism, and the bible will surely reveal the truth. Evolution, is basically â€Å"decent with modification†, this applies to microevolution and macroevolution. (www.evolution.berkeley.edu) Evolution, when on a smaller scale is defined as microevolution; an example would be the house sparrows. Depending on the location the sparrows have different characteristics, some are larger and heavier to protect fro m the cold while others are lighter to withstand heat. There is so much evidence for microevolution it’s almost impossible to deny. Microevolution is observable because of the short timespan required for it to take place. The controversy begins when you get into macroevolution which is evolution on a much bigger scale. Usually referring to a change in species, this cannot be observed because it takes longer than one lifespan to detect. We are able to observe small modifications; it should be common sense that overShow MoreRelatedAtheism and Religion916 Words   |  4 Pages112 26 October 2010 Atheism amp; Religion Atheism, by definition, is â€Å"the doctrine or belief that there is no God† (Dictionary.com). If you cannot say I believe in a Deity/God/Supreme Being then you are an atheist.† (Religion of Atheism). A religion has two components which must both be present. It is a system of ritual and belief. It is focused on a supernatural being or beings. â€Å"Some Atheists, for their own political reasons, assert that Atheism is not a religion but instead is the totalRead MoreCommon Practices in Religion Essay919 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Common Practices in Religion REL 133 Calvin Habig Keinesha Predium April 20, 2015 What is Religion? The term religion comes from the Latin word ‘religare’ which means to bind. In the world today, there are different forms of religious groups and followings that have unique beliefs and practices depending on their history. It is estimated that there are thousands of religions in the world, including the mainstream religious groups and others that are not known. One of the common characteristicsRead MoreAs Far As The Truth Is Concerned, It Is Not Easy To Look1664 Words   |  7 Pagesmust first understand his religion before considering other others view from a personal standpoint. Religion is interpreted in very different ways as different cultures, lead to unique life styles for those who follow them. Overall, we have a total of seven distinct world views which are theism, deism, finite theism, panethism, pantheism, polytheism, and naturalism that are all influenced by religion (One Minute Apology). Each worldview in constructed by a religious belief and included we w ill encounterRead MoreBuddhism s Belief Of God1419 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Buddhism religion they do not personally believe in God or a divine being. They do not worship, pray, or praise a divine being. Though the religion does not have any reference to God, it offers improvement to one’s state of life. The religion does not consider the existence of God or have a relationship with God, however it points the right way to escape suffering and attain enlightenment. The worldview of Buddhism is not to be called a religion due to religion being a set of beliefs. In BuddhismRead More Atheism as a historical philosophy and its relevance in contemporary America4178 Words   |  17 Pages Disbelief in the existence of God is an enduring, worldwide phenomenon that is quite possibly also one of the most misunderstood belief systems in the world. For many, the term â€Å"atheism† immediately spurs negative imagery inspired by years of indoctrination – churches proclaiming the sins of the infidels, and how questioning God’s infinite love will result in instant damnation. Atheists are perceived as dark, nihilistic, immoral, amoral, pessimistic, and even evil, because without God, clearly theyRead MoreTaking a Look at Secular Humanism1267 Words   |  5 PagesAll systems of thought and each worldview have a notion of God. Secular humanism is defined as a belief system where humanity is the sovereign of all beings, and where reality and information rests in science and reason. The secular humanistic worldview started as a substitute among religions. Humanism is not a religious belief system in itself, while secular means â€Å"not religious.† A religion is any system of belief that informs an individual’s worldview. The secular humanistic worldview has aRead MoreWho Does Not Hold A Christian Worldview1431 Words   |  6 Pages Interviewing someone who does not hold a Christian worldview was very interesting. This interviewee is not only a self-proclaimed atheist, but holds a hostile opinion of Christians in general. This interview was an opportunity to understand her position and potentially flush out (in an unassuming way) some flaws in her belief system. One comment that leapt out at me was the belief that basic instinct in humans and animals are the same, and that we can know right from wrong, and good from badRead MoreThe View Of A Worldview1155 Words   |  5 Pagesconsists of many different humans who have many different opinions on life. I cannot begin to explain each worldview. But what exactly is a worldview? We can just break the word down and say a person’s view on the world, or viewing the world through different religions or through other people. Everyone has a worldview, and all people act and in a certain way because they are guided by a certain worldview. Sample states, â€Å"The interpretive ‘lens’ helps people make sense of life and comprehend the world aroundRead MoreNotes On The Gospel Essentials971 Words   |  4 PagesBenchmark-Gospel Essentials A worldview is made from a set of assumptions created by an individual or a group of people forming a belief system that guides them in how they perceive reality to be in this world. Belief systems are often created by those before us which; are then instilled into future generations. In today’s world there are many different types of belief systems being taught, however; â€Å"there are three basic worldviews that most belief systems fall into which are; Atheism, Pantheism and TheismRead MoreThe Purpose Of An English Teacher1630 Words   |  7 Pagesminds of the students and the teachers a like—though the author may have had a specific purpose in mind when shaping his or her literary work. Though an objective analysis can be done, regarding the interpretation of literary works, a teacher’s worldview will likely, in some ways, be expressed through his or her opinions of the work. Flannery O’Connor, a Christian novelist, in her essay named â€Å"Novelis t and Believer,† writes, â€Å"The good novelist not only finds a symbol for feeling, he finds a symbol

Introduction to Economics Free Essays

A want Is a desire for a good or a service. The desire may be to satisfy hunger or thirst, avoid heat or cold, be cured of Illness, be amused or entertained, or enjoy that latest product of technology. The item involved may not be within the means of the person who wants it. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Economics or any similar topic only for you Order Now In economics it is assumed that a person’s wants are unlimited. People are assumed to desire an unlimited array of goods and services. A need is a desire for a basic good or service. Needs are essential for survival. A person may not need ice cream, which is a want and a luxury, but they need food, which provides the essential vitamins and minerals. A person must satisfy their needs before they can satisfy their wants. As our income Increases many of the Items that we regarded as wants may well be regarded as needs. Most people would now regard a telephone as an essential. Characteristics of Wants Wants are unlimited because it is assumed that people have an endless desire for odds and services. Wants are competitive because to produce one good or service means that other goods and services are not able to be produced. Wants are changeable because a consumers desire for goods and services is constantly changing as a result of changes in income, technology, fashion, advertising etc. Some wants are complementary because the satisfaction of some wants leads to the desire for other wants: a car and trees is a good example. Finally wants can be recurrent cause they constantly have to be satisfied: For example there is a regular need for food. Goods and Services Goods are tangible objects that give people some utility or satisfaction. A service is non-material or intangible in nature. Services are provided when a business or person provides work of an intangible nature: a consultation with a doctor or lawyer for example. A tradesman that fixes a household defect is another example of a service. Services also create utility or satisfaction. Producers and Consumers A consumer is a person who uses goods and services to satisfy their wants and needs. When a consumer uses goods and services it is called consumption. Consumption means more than to eat food, It means to use any good or service to satisfy any want or need. When a consumer uses consumer goods they gain satisfaction which Is called utility. Consumers have to make choices regarding their consumption and are assumed to want to maxillae their satisfaction or utility. Consumers also need to decide how much to save. Saving is deferred consumption in How to cite Introduction to Economics, Papers

Castles Of Finland Essay Example For Students

Castles Of Finland Essay In Finland there happens to be 7 main castles:Turku Castle: It was built in 1280 i.e. It was destroyed by bombing in 1941, but restored during the next 20 years. Now it is a museum and venue for exhibitions. Hame Castle: Its believed to have been built at approximately the same time as the Turku castle. The castle served as a prison at 1837-1972. The castle is now presented as a historical monument. Viipuri Castle: It isnt known when the Viipuri castle was built. It is now part of Russia. Viipuri castle wasnt very important to the Russians, therefore abandoned by them. Raseborg Castle: It was built in 1374 i.e. It was the seat of a bailiff who was the administrator for the western half of the south coast of Finland. It is now used for tourism. Kastelholm Castle: It was built in 1384 i.e. Aland was separated from the castle county of Turku and the Aland islanders were reluctantly subjected to a bailiff. Kastelholm castle is preserved as an architectural and historical monument. Olavinlinna Castle: It was built in 1475. It was the first Finnish castle to be built for use in the era of firearms. It is like most of the castles, a place for tourism, and every year there is an opera festival!Kuusisto Castle: It was built in 1317. It was unfortunately soon after destroyed in 1528. It is now used as a museum.

T. S. Eliot Biography Essay Example For Students

T. S. Eliot Biography Essay T. S. Eliot was a very influential pessimist, always and constantly thriving on his hatred of little things and his love life. Eliot was born in St. Louis Missouri 1888 ad. His parents were both writers and loved the arts, most effectively passing on the genes to their son. While growing up he learned many things, his parents were extremely social and intellectual and they pushed him to achieve the highest of statuses. He went to college at Harvard University and then moved to London to go to Oxford. He then became a citizen of England in 1915. While in England Eliot held many jobs to keep the payments on his 5th floor English apartment and his college tuition. Eliot quickly became popular with Britain and was known as a great poet and a literal critic. Eliot is best known for two of his works: The Waste Land (1922) and The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1915). Actually the Love song is the beginning of the Waste Land. The Waste Land is in 5 parts, so it is more of a story in poetical form. In the Love Song, Eliot actually sounds a bit like a optimist, quite frankly though his own waste landsteps in half way through. We will write a custom essay on T. S. Eliot Biography specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This is his only poetic work I like. But it will never be at the top of any of my lists. In this song , JAP (J. Alfred Prufrock) is writing a letter to his honey, the girl he is in love with. In this poem Eliot uses a lot of visual imagery, he is very good with his adjectives and brings such a happy correlation of thought into a grim reality he would call his Waste Land. He talks of how : In the room the women come and go Talking of Michelangelo. TLSJAP stanza 13 and 14 It has been my thought that this may signify his type. Eliot, again was an intellectual and then o he would most likely hang out where the smart people were and get away from: Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels And sawdust restaurant with oyster-shells: Streets that follow like a tedious argument Of insidious intent. stanzas 6-9 He actually gives the evidence to where he found his women, and how he likes to stroll through the outdoors and ending up in places of eloquence, and High Society. Even though he had a medium amount of money. He was still accepted in places for lower pay because of his high intelligence and the intelligence of his women. People enjoyed his company. He goes on alking about how there will always be time for us referring to the love that which he shares for her, and that there will always be time for things, but letting each other look at the joy as present and the escape from his Waste Land. He goes on in stanza 37 48 telling how they would grow old together, while still with the people that surround them that they love so dearly. He then tells of how he knows things and how life always goes (evidence of realism) in stanzas 49 54. Now here you can start to sense his pessimistic side shed a bit, talking of the: To spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ays, And how should I presume? Stanza 60 61 Of course I guess you could take that as a repentance line but, I dont think so, lets go on. From stanzas 70 86 it shows what I think is his deep side and talking as if he were actually a Realist which he probably was, at least to me. He humbles himself a great deal , which is good , but talks of how things slowly fade , referring a lot to his baldness and how age takes a toll on relationships. This is my favorite part of the poem, because he brings you into his soul, not just letting you taste the action . I feel that this is how he lived life. .u0cc3c52f5e0af8f096ac506051c7d4a9 , .u0cc3c52f5e0af8f096ac506051c7d4a9 .postImageUrl , .u0cc3c52f5e0af8f096ac506051c7d4a9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0cc3c52f5e0af8f096ac506051c7d4a9 , .u0cc3c52f5e0af8f096ac506051c7d4a9:hover , .u0cc3c52f5e0af8f096ac506051c7d4a9:visited , .u0cc3c52f5e0af8f096ac506051c7d4a9:active { border:0!important; } .u0cc3c52f5e0af8f096ac506051c7d4a9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0cc3c52f5e0af8f096ac506051c7d4a9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0cc3c52f5e0af8f096ac506051c7d4a9:active , .u0cc3c52f5e0af8f096ac506051c7d4a9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0cc3c52f5e0af8f096ac506051c7d4a9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0cc3c52f5e0af8f096ac506051c7d4a9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0cc3c52f5e0af8f096ac506051c7d4a9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0cc3c52f5e0af8f096ac506051c7d4a9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0cc3c52f5e0af8f096ac506051c7d4a9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0cc3c52f5e0af8f096ac506051c7d4a9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0cc3c52f5e0af8f096ac506051c7d4a9 .u0cc3c52f5e0af8f096ac506051c7d4a9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0cc3c52f5e0af8f096ac506051c7d4a9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Modern day Americ EssayAlways leaving people to taste the good stuff around him but behind his eyes ly his brain and behind his brain his heart and when his company least expected it, I could see him waving his hands and saying, Come all! Come! Come! come and feel my pain come and pity me come and think I am humble.. even though I dont care much of any of you. That is the picture I get of JAP who is also Eliot, in life, but yet his background, his unnoticeable conscience. In stanza 87 98 he speaks of his anxiousness to ask people into his Waste land , is wanting to let them see his truth. Then he tries to cover for himself by saying: Should I say: That is not what I meant at all, That is not it, at all. stanzas 97 98 In stanzas 119 and finishing the poem at 131 he ends off, sorry to say, in a pessimistic tone of self pity and morbidity. He talks about his age weighing on his soul and never being what he wants to look like in the eyes of others and his eagerness in death by saying: We have lingered in the chambers of the sea By sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown Till human voices wake us, and we drown. anzas 129 131 That is a great background on how Eliot viewed life. Realistically and fading into the distance with love meaning nothing at all. Well, on to what is called T. S. Eliots Waste Land. To brief you on my thoughts I very much dislike this poem for many reason which will be laid out in the next couple paragraphs. The poem is simply a look in to the soul of Eliot, a man with great writing capabilities but uses them for the pleasure of striking his en emy and hiding the truth without being up-front, using stories of ancient myths in German and Latin to convey his apathy. Eliot throughout this whole poems loves to mock and scorn his ex-wife. Her sexual desire he could not satisfy and whose love he cannot return. T. S. Eliots Waste land. Page 98 by: James E. Miller. Jr. He uses many sexually explicit gestures in the writing because that was the only way his fantasies could be met through writing. I think the man is sick, hes full of crap! Eric Paoletti But he reveals his hatred toward her in these lines: More sinned against than sinning , bruised and marred, The lazy laughing Jenny of the Bard. The same eternal and consuming itch Can make a martyr and a onsuming bitch) There is much more but as you can see not very appropriate at all. Again this man won a Nobel Prize and was loved by Americans and the English. How on Earth did he achieve that? Probably because that is what the world is hungry for. Explains acts of fantasizing date rape and the hatred of his wife that he loved so much in the Love Letter, than leading into divorce. Overall if you ask m e, T. S. Eliot didnt need fame, fortune and the Nobel Prize. He needed serious mental help and most importantly, the God he talked of so vaguely throughout his writing.

10 Dream Jobs That Come With a Huge Paycheck

10 Dream Jobs That Come With a Huge Paycheck It’s very important to pick a job that makes you happy and keeps you fulfilled. Every career expert will tell you this is what makes a satisfying career. But most people also want to be successful. And why can’t you have both? There are dream jobs out there that will make you financially comfortable and emotionally fulfilled.Here are 10 good places to start.1. Petroleum EngineerProbably not your first thought, but these jobs have a median pay of almost $110k and employees report a high satisfaction rate. These jobs are also currently in high demand.2. DentistIf you can get through all the school and training required, you might find this career to be intensely rewarding- on all fronts. Your work is part medicine, part engineering, and part artistry. The hours are good; you’re in control of your schedule. And you’re literally making people smile. Median pay? Around $130k.3. SurgeonSurgeons are extremely  well paid. Sure, they have to go through a ton of e xpensive schooling and training and licensing to get where they are, but once they’re there, they make almost $300k per year in median pay. Neurosurgeons and cardiothoracic surgeons make even more.4. PediatricianIf you’re going the medical route and feel that you really would like to work with children, then this might be a good route. Median salary is about $147k and you get the satisfaction of helping to heal the whole family. Or you could make about the same and go into Obstetrics and Gynecology- with satisfaction rates almost equal,  or even become a CNM (Certified Nurse Midwife).5. AnesthesiologistOne last job in health care: anesthesiologists do crucial work in surgical settings but don’t do any of the slicing and dicing. Their median pay is nearly $300k.6. Product ManagerProduct Managers need a Bachelor’s degree in Business Management or another field. They lead the teams advertising a product and liaise with the public or target audience. Youâ⠂¬â„¢ll want to make sure you’re passionate about the product first, and that you have the required experience. Average salary: about $120k.7. VP of SalesTo be the VP of anything is probably a lucrative bet- and will require a great deal of working your way up. But everyone needs to have a goal, right? You can net an average salary well over $150k and be a major part of your company.8. Chief Technology Officer (CTO)Chief Technology Officers make an average salary of about $150k. They need a Bachelor’s degree in IT or Business/Finance, but they are really instrumental in making sure a company runs smoothly.9. Account ManagerYou’ll need a Bachelor’s degree in Business or Accounting or another related field, though entry-level positions might only require an Associate’s. But if you’re meticulous and have strong finance skills, this could be a great career for you.10. Senior Software EngineerIf you’re good with computers, this could be th e gig for you. The average salary is over $90k per year, and you get to be in charge of making sure the technology in your company runs the way it’s supposed to.

An Analysis Of Plato And Rousseau Ideologies Theology Religion Essay

An Analysis Of Plato And Rousseau Ideologies Theology Religion Essay The general definition of education is the transmission and learning of cultural technique by a group of individuals that is able to satisfy its general needs, to protect each other against the hostility of physical and biological environment, and to work and live together peacefully. These all techniques are usually called culture, and a human society could not survive without its background of custom and culture. This concept can be applied in civil and primitive society; the primitive society is characterized by the role of education finalized to guarantee the immutability of the cultural techniques. On the other hand, in a civil society the education gives the opportunity to face new and mutable situations. At this point we can define two different forms of education: the one, which simply transmits the technique of work and behavior to maintain the natural immutability of human beings, and this concept is related to moral and religious education. The second form interests the r ole of education into a civic society. Its aim is to forge the individuals’ personalities by giving them the capacity to correct and improve their own education. This civic form of education analyzes the human being’s process of forming his own culture, and even the education becomes the aim and the goal of the entire process. For this reason, education has always been an important theme in political and social background. Since ancient age philosophers and scholars wrote about the main principles and general foundations of public and private education in a state. Famous emperors such as Charles the Great who attributed importance to the role of education into his empire, even if he was not a cultured king, considered education a relevant instrument for creating an homogeneous ruling class loyal to the empire and capable to create a unity for the formation of cultural traditions and customs. Therefore, education is a natural part of human beings’ development; it allows individuals to acquire some basic and relevant skills in attitude and mental thought that staying in animal stage they are not able to learn. The aim of this essay is to define the right definition of education in political theory field through the main and significant works of Plato and Rousseau, and to analyze its importance in the social and political common good. As it is mentioned before, both Plato and Rousseau have elaborated different ideas regarding the same topic of the role of education, the pedagogy, the formation of perfect philosopher-king and good social figure in their own conception of society. This essay wants to begin an analysis by comparing and contrasting the political and philosophical theories of there two thinkers. First of all, Plato’s Republic has defined more as an educational treatise rather than a political book (Rousseau 57); in fact, Plato’s philosophy is concentrated on ethics, he is interested in what and â€Å"how is the best to live† (Meckenzie 88). According to Plato, education is the base of the philosophical education of guardians and future citizens of the ideal city of the Politeia. Plato elaborates a new kind of education in line with the Socratic philosophy; in fact, the main speaker of dialogues in the Republic is Socrates himself, who embodies the philosophical soul and figure of which should be the skills and characteristics of the perfect philosopher-king. The conception of education in the Republic is explained through the philosophical concept of the Myth of the Cave; it is not a case that Plato decided to present education in the way of the myth. In ancient cultures, in particular in Greek culture, the myth indeed had been considered a kid of tale with a underlying meaning that through the heroic deeds of gods and semi-gods should have convey a specific learning for human beings. According to Arthur A. Krentz of Luther College in his Play and Education in Plato’s states: â₠¬Å"The Myth of the Cave is presented as a metaphor of education (paideia, 7.514a) but it may also serve as a model of the role of an educational mentor, such as Socrates. Thus we can compare Socrates to the free, philosophical wise man who reenters the nether-world of the dark caveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in order to attempt to rescue those who live in this shadowy worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  With this quotation, we can understand that Plato-Socrates wants to outline a fixed model of elite education regarding to those people who are by natural inclinations more talented to cover the role of the guardian. In the Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society, in the paragraph of The State as an Education Entity is expressed how Plato considers Education the core of his Republic alike the research of the meaning of justice. In fact, Plato is firmly persuaded that if guardian and future children are educated through Socratic philosophical ideas, the pursuit of the Public Good bec omes the principle at the base of the just City-State. Therefore, the passage that the other spokesmen have to understand before starting the investigation of justice is â€Å"what is the best education for philosopher-kings and in what does consist it?† In the opinion of Ariel Dillon â€Å"the ability to know is always within a man-faltering, but useful only depending on whether it is focused on the truth (518e)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ anyone could be a philosopher with the right trainingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the purpose of the philosopher-kings’ education is eventually teach children how to distinguish right from wrong showing them the whole truth†. The knowledge and development process that philosophers undertake from the cave to the new world is long and difficult, but they are motivated by the inner truth that they own to achieve the common good for a just state. After the release from the cave where human beings are imprisoned and forced to see projected figures on the wa ll, philosophers start they path out of the cave; they will encounter the powerful light of the Sun and they are blinded by it, but afterwards a period of familiarization with the external world they acquire the truth and the capacity to become the real philosopher king and guardian. According to Arthur A. Krentz â€Å"the aim of the educational process is the fostering of the growth and development of the learner toward the ultimate objective of the individual’s contribution to a good society and the vision of the Good itself.† Plato has a altruistic vision of education in fact as Ariel Dillon states in her article Education in Plato’s Republic: † [the philosophers] must escape the cave, be educated in the good through philosophy (512c), and then return to the cave to rile and enlighten others (519d).

The Arab-Israeli Conflict and its Correlation to Cold War Tensions Term Paper

The Arab-Israeli Conflict and its Correlation to Cold War Tensions - Term Paper Example History has been a direct witness to the fact that the powerful economies of the world, mainly the colonizers have redrawn the political boundaries of nations all around the globe, to serve their selfish needs. Even after the closure of the Second World War, British and French forces colonized the rest of the Mediterranean mainly, Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries. When Jewish populations were recovering from the Nazi storm that ate up three fourths of their population, Britain took the decision to create a separate land that would be called home of Jews. Israel was created as a Jewish national state and was founded in 1948. Everyone hoped for a bright future of the new state as the timing was parallel to when freedom was granted to large countries like India (which attained independence in 1947). Britain has been criticized for the cruel treatment of ethnic cleansing that it originally meted out to the Jewish populations after the World War I. However, since other populations like Germans and Italians were also experiencing the brunt of the British Empire (Dimitrakis, 2012, 78), they also resorted to ethnic cleansing, a mindset that led to the Second World War and the Holocaust (Ogilvie & Miller, 2006, 67). Britain’s anti-Jew and pro-Jew roles have been always criticized since, being a world power, it had initially done nothing to stop the ethnic cleansing of European countries. When the World War took immensely horrific shape, only then did Britain decide to take the side of the side that seemed to do the right thing, which in this context was the United States. The procedure of uprooting existing Palestinian populations to make way for a new land for the Jews had to always have a negative impact on the peace of the Arab world. The erstwhile Soviet Union was supportive of the new Jewish national state. However, when major Arab populations started

Reflection on Academic Writing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Reflection on Academic Writing - Term Paper Example The disciplines I have read widely about include humanistic, analytical and legal psychology. In reading widely on human psychology, I understand that this discipline typically holds that humans are inherently good creatures. It uses a holistic approach to the existence of humans. This discipline also pays a special attention to phenomena such as human potential, free will and creativity. Basically, I have come to understand this discipline encourages us to view ourselves as â€Å"whole people.† It also encourages self exploration and not just the study of behavior in other people. Also, in researching and writing about analytical psychology, I have come to understand that this discipline emphasizes on the main importance of an individual psyche as well as the personal quest for wholeness. The discipline also recognizes the significance of the symbolic in human life. Lastly, in writing legal psychology, I have understood that the discipline involves studying legal institutions, psychological research about the law and those who come in contact with the law. In reasearching widely and writing about the three disciplines, I have seen myself being a better, writer and a researcher in psychology. However, despite my growth in understanding of this field, I have encountered a lot of challenges. For instance, being an interdisciplinary field, it lacks a solid purpose and definition. However, I have done more research and consultation in this field to overcome these challenges (Beech, 2009). In the process of reading and writing psychological papers, I have used different materials. Since the materials differ greatly, I have been in a position to gather information from different sources. As noted earlier, I have used the different materials to research widely on various disciplines in psychology. In reading different materials for different disciplines, the information I have gathered greatly differs. Getting

Diversity in the World Essay Example for Free

Diversity in the World Essay One of the most profound factors in the universe is diversity. However the most evident diversity which affects peoples’ lives is racial and ethnic diversity. Although theories of origin of universe show a common source of all human races in the world, environmental factors in the area certain people live in can be held accountable for the diversity that is observed in human race. Undoubtedly, racial diversity is important in the world as it creates variety and taste in life; on the other hand, it is evident that diversity has also been a source of conflicts in the world. A world of diversity Personal experience with diverse cultures is very important in understanding the diversity in the world. An example could be the visit to the Eunoto ceremony from the Maasai community, which is one of the foreign traditional ceremonies in Kenya. Usually, tourist are informed about it during their stay in East Africa. The Maasai community which lives in the East African region is one of the conservative traditional communities which have refused to let go their practices. The Eunoto ceremony is used to mark the end of one age set’s period in service of worrier hood for the community and their consequent promotion to the junior elders. This marks their initiation to adult life where they can be allowed to marry and have children. Eunoto is a four day ceremony which takes place in an enclosed hut which is specified for that ceremony. Every warrior has his head shaved by his mother sitting on the same cowhide where he was circumcised. The head is then decorated and the shaving of the head means that they have lost the most valuable stage of their life which is full of freedom. After the ceremony, the now crowned junior elder may select a girl of his choice for a wife. At the same time some restriction like drinking milk and eating meat which are restricted in their warrior years are also lifted. (Finke, 2003) How can the one describe his/her racial and ethnic diversity? It is difficult to define the word race owing to the varied application of the word in different circumstance. The word race defines a particular group of people who can be identified through a common factor. This means that it is a group of people that share common characteristics (Kim, 2001). These characteristics can vary from factors like religious, skin color, and others. However, in everyday usage, the word race has been used predominantly based on the color of the skin thereby giving the black race and the light skinned race. This is just a construction of the society and the meaning many not be referring to provable differences. In defining ones personal racial and ethnic identity, it is natural to use of all these characteristics that have been used to differentiate one race from the other. In that case, based on the skin color, the person could say that he/she, for instance, is black American since his/her great grand parents were presumably, slaves who had been shipped from West African to work in Caribbean plantations. This kind of characteristic can be evidenced in ones physical character; even if the one doesn’t have a black complexion, he/she may have a chocolate complexion which may lead to the African origin. The heritage and cultural practices that have been inherited from grand parents may be passed down the line of generation and may be evident today. A race can also be defined in terms of other characteristics like language and religion. In terms of language, it may be hard to exactly foot ones ancestry since nowdays Americans usually know only American English language. At the same time, the ancestral language may not even be reflected in ones names. The name of a person can tell the origin of a person even without assessing other characteristic. For example the name Patel will assure that there is a high probability that the person is an Indian. Most people surrounding us every day have both names in English which can explain the level of assimilation of the African slaves in the American society. In terms of religion, a large percent of Americans families are Catholic. Catholic was a predominant religion in the tradition American plantations. However, sometimes, a little enquiry from ancestors how a certain family ended up being Catholics shows that many slaves and in deed Americans were converted to catholic during the independence era as they opposed the Anglican religion perpetuated by the British. Family customs are important practices that have been passed on from one generation to the other. In some families, there are practices which father insists on like the position of the first born in the family. The first born is supposed to provide example to the rest of the siblings. In an era where family divorces are on the rise, some fathers insist that once their children are married they would like to see them have a happy marriage like they have had. These are some of the customs among other that some parents have tried to pass on to their children in certain cultures. There are practice like dressing, music, and other practices that are preserved in our family. In term of dressing, some believe in dressing like a gentle lady or gentleman. This means dressing smart. In some families, every time the one enters in the house there will be a rock music playing as the onweners like no other. Taking children to see â€Å"the land of origin† is also very popular. How can the American culture be described? Evidently, American culture is the most diverse in the world, being a multilayered culture with huge cocktail of cultures blending together to produced the Americana culture. American culture is also the most influential in the world and different aspects like clothing (notably hip star), music (pop music), business, and others have defined the standard world culture. There are different evident factors that set the American culture from the rest. The Hollywood culture that defines entertainment is the most evident. Other clear aspects of American culture is the culture of consumption, racism based on three dominant groups including African American, white American and Hispanic, and fundamental religious culture of Christians, Jews, Islam, and Atheists. American culture is very rich in diversity. (Levenstein, 2003) What would happen if a resident of the United States of America changes sex? If the one wakes up next day and finds that he/she had changed sex, life would not change much in the modern American society. American society has moved toward gender homogeneity and anyone can perform any duty. There are no cultural restriction and those existing in different races have been overtaken the constitutional legislations. Ones life would, therefore, differ in terms of the biological gender roles and in no other aspect. Also, it can be said that throughout time some aspects like dressing and the general social life has been greatly changed by the wave of globalization but this is common to all the middle class. Conclusion Diversity in the world may be the source of variety and taste of life. There are diverse races of in the world with each defined by a set of culture practices. The one could consider being an African American but his/her racial and ethnic identity may be polarized by the mix up of cultures in the diverse American culture. Today, it might prove very difficult to point out culture practices that may identify individual racial background except for the color of their skin. Reference: Finke, J. (2003): Maasai – The Eunoto Ceremony. Retrieved on 22nd November 2008 http://www. bluegecko. org/kenya/tribes/maasai/eunoto. htmfrom Kim, U. (2001): Culture, science and indigenous psychologies: An integrated analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press Levenstein, H. (2003): Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American culture, Berkeley: University of California Press,

Citizen Kane Essay examples -- essays research papers

Citizen Kane After watching the movie â€Å"Citizen Kane† I realized why this movie was named one of the best films ever. Yellow journalism was in an era from the 1880 to the 1900 and it featured flashy journalism of that time, which made editors write about invented stories. Which went to big headlines on subjects that weren’t true. The two big writers of that time were William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. During the film Kane is depicted as a yellow journalism at different times. One example is when they put out the article â€Å"Charles Foster Kane Defeated, Fraud At Polls†. From that headline you would believe that he was beaten by some illegal purpose, but it was just a headline getting people to read the article and the enjoyment of writing against your enemy. Next, when Kane got all the writers from the chronicle to start writing for the inquirer. He put out an article that said â€Å"The Greatest Newspaper Staff In The World† and had a picture of all the new guys standing together. As you can see there it is not so much false information, but he said they are greatest writers in the world. When all these guys came form the opposing newspaper. While watching the film there are many other times that Kane portrays yellow journalism. He was out to help the poor people of the community and just have fun with the newspaper. In today’s society we think of yellow journalism as tabloids. A lot of those headline stories that we see in the supermarket get our attention. Which always lead to false information on subjects that we are interested in. In the film there are many ways that loss and belonging have a big part of Charles Foster Kane’s Life. It started when he was taken from his birth parents at a young age to go have a better life. We saw that the mother wanted to get him away from his father because we assumed that he was getting beaten. For many young children being taken away from their home, must really heart the child. We don’t know why he was taken but assume it was because of his father and also not having enough money to raise him. He must of thought that his parents didn’t love him but all they wanted was a better life for him. Another example of not feeling belonged is when his wife and himself were going through some problems. Even if he was the cause of the problem you saw how he wanted to belong to someone and for others to love him. Throughout t... ...y that they lived in during that time was a time that the majority of people didn’t have much money. For Kane power was something that he never lived without. He was given a newspaper to run on his own, which made him have a lot of people that worked under him. Throughout the film anything he wanted was done. Since he was the one calling the shots in the newspaper he could have anything printed. For example during the beginning of his election he would print articles that would make him look better then his opponent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For society, during that time period know one knew of anything else but to listen to people that had a lot of power. They would also follow in their footsteps. When people of that time had power they were looked up too as a very high person in life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To sum everything up this film was one of the greatest films ever made. There are so many different parts of the movie that made other filmmakers take a look at â€Å"Citizen Kane† before starting their own film. This film has change many filmmakers decisions on how to portray there film. â€Å"Citizen Kane† will never be forgotten and will on in every filmmakers decisions.

Animal Farm. Snowball

Snowball Orwell’s stint in a Trotskyist battalion in the Spanish Civil War—during which he first began plans for a critique of totalitarian communism—influenced his relatively positive portrayal of Snowball. As a parallel for Leon Trotsky, Snowball emerges as a fervent ideologue who throws himself heart and soul into the attempt to spread Animalism worldwide and to improve Animal Farm’s infrastructure. His idealism, however, leads to his downfall. Relying only on the force of his own logic and rhetorical skill to gain his influence, he proves no match for Napoleon’s show of brute force.Although Orwell depicts Snowball in a relatively appealing light, he refrains from idealizing his character, making sure to endow him with certain moral flaws. For example, Snowball basically accepts the superiority of the pigs over the rest of the animals. Moreover, his fervent, single-minded enthusiasm for grand projects such as the windmill might have erupted into full-blown megalomaniac despotism had he not been chased from Animal Farm. Indeed, Orwell suggests that we cannot eliminate government corruption by electing principled individuals to roles of power; he reminds us throughout the novella that it is power itself that corrupts.Boxer The most sympathetically drawn character in the novel, Boxer epitomizes all of the best qualities of the exploited working classes: dedication, loyalty, and a huge capacity for labor. He also, however, suffers from what Orwell saw as the working class’s major weaknesses: a naive trust in the good intentions of the intelligentsia and an inability to recognize even the most blatant forms of political corruption. Exploited by the pigs as much or more than he had been by Mr. Jones, Boxer represents all of the invisible labor that undergirds the political drama being carried out by the elites.Boxer’s pitiful death at a glue factory dramatically illustrates the extent of the pigs’ betrayal. I t may also, however, speak to the specific significance of Boxer himself: before being carted off, he serves as the force that holds Animal Farm together. Napoleon From the very beginning of the novella, Napoleon emerges as an utterly corrupt opportunist. Though always present at the early meetings of the new state, Napoleon never makes a single contribution to the revolution—not to he formulation of its ideology, not to the bloody struggle that it necessitates, not to the new society’s initial attempts to establish itself. He never shows interest in the strength of Animal Farm itself, only in the strength of his power over it. Thus, the only project he undertakes with enthusiasm is the training of a litter of puppies. He doesn’t educate them for their own good or for the good of all, however, but rather for his own good: they become his own private army or secret police, a violent means by which he imposes his will on others.Although he is most directly modeled on the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, Napoleon represents, in a more general sense, the political tyrants that have emerged throughout human history and with particular frequency during-the twentieth century. His namesake is not any communist leader but the early-eighteenth-century French general Napoleon, who betrayed the democratic principles on which he rode to power, arguably becoming as great a despot as the aristocrats whom he supplanted.It is a testament to Orwell’s acute political intelligence and to the universality of his fable that Napoleon can easily stand for any of the great dictators and political schemers in world history, even those who arose after Animal Farm was written. In the behavior of Napoleon and his henchmen, one can detect the lying and bullying tactics of totalitarian leaders such as Josip Tito, Mao Tse-tung, Pol Pot, Augusto Pinochet, and Slobodan Milosevic treated in sharply critical terms.

Rain Man

Rain Man The movie I chose to analyze from a psychological perspective is Rain Man. The character I have chosen is Charlie Babbit . I chose Charlie because it was interesting to see how drastic he changes his moods. At one point he can be happy and the next he could be yelling at everyone. Charlie Babbit is a Caucasian male around his late twenties who works as a car salesman, and has a girlfriend named Susanna. Charlie Babbitt is a selfish man who gets angry very easily. He focuses on what he has to say rather than what others have to say. He is a very demanding person.Charlie has avoided talking to his father for years. When he finds out that his father passed away he didn’t react at all it was like if nothing had happened. Instead he focuses on how much money his father left him in his will. His father left three million dollars to his autistic brother Raymond of whose existence Charlie knew nothing of. The prenatal life of Charlie Babbitt must have been in a time of negati ve life experience and stress for his mother. In order to better understand more about Charlie’s prenatal life would be to know what situations his mother was going through while she was pregnant.It seems to me that Charlie was an unhappy baby. His temperamental pattern must have been difficult. Charlie’s mother died when he was only two years old, and his brother Raymond was put away in a mental institution right after the death of his mother . Charlie did not form a healthy attachment with his parents since his mother passed away at an early stage in his life. During Charlie’s preoperational stage Charlie did not form a health bond with his father while growing up.

Learn About Consonant Clusters in English Grammar

Learn About Consonant Clusters in English Grammar In linguistics, a  consonant cluster (CC)  is a group of two or more consonant sounds that come before (called an onset), after (called a coda) or between (called medial) vowels. Also known simply as a cluster, these occur naturally in written and spoken English - though sometimes may be altered phonetically. This process, called consonant cluster simplification (or reduction) sometimes occurs when at least one consonant in a sequence of adjacent consonants is elided or dropped. In everyday speech, for instance, the phrase  best boy may be pronounced  bes boy, and first time may be pronounced firs time. Onset consonant clusters may occur in two or three initial consonants, wherein three are referred to as CCC while coda consonant clusters can occur in two to four consonant groups. Common Consonant Clusters The written English language contains up to 46 permissible two-item initial consonant clusters, ranging from the common st to the less common sq, but only 9 permissible three-item consonant clusters, as Michael Pearce posits in his book The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Pearce illustrates the common three-item initial consonant clusters in the following words: spl/  split, /spr/  sprig, /spj/  spume, /str/  strip, /stj/  stew, /skl/  sclerotic, /skr/  screen, /skw/  squad, /skj/  skua, wherein every word must start with an s, be followed by a voiceless stop like p or t and a liquid or glide like l or w.   In terms of codas, or consonant clusters that end words, they may contain up to four items, though they are often truncated in connected speech if the consonant cluster is too long, as in the word glimpsed being acceptably written as glimst. Consonant Cluster Reduction In spoken English and rhetoric, oftentimes consonant clusters will be truncated naturally to increase speed or eloquence of speech, oftentimes dropping the same consonant if it occurs at the end of one word and again at the beginning of the next. This process, called consonant cluster reduction, is relatively variable but confined by linguistic factors that inhibit the operation of reducing these words. Walt Wolfram, writing in Dialect in Society, expounds, with respect to the phonological environment that follows the cluster, the likelihood of reduction is increased when the cluster is followed by a word beginning with a consonant. What this means for average English users is that cluster reduction is more common in phrases like west coast or cold cuts than in west end or cold apple. This technique can also be found in poetry to force similar-sounding words with different consonant endings to rhyme. Take for example the words test and desk, which dont rhyme in their original form, but if one uses consonant cluster reduction, the rhyme Sittin in my des, takin my tes can be forced through truncation, as Lisa Green describes in African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, this is most common in the poetic raps of African American origins in the United States.

Managerial Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Managerial Economics - Assignment Example 4) the content of MBA programs available in colleges or universities in the Kansas City area (With my limited resources and time, are there MBA programs that can take me in?). Q2: I bought an iPod, a tube of toothpaste and a branded pair of shoes. Elasticity measures the change in demand with a change in price. I bought the iPod (as did four friends) because prices went down, so the demand for iPods is elastic. I bought toothpaste because I ran out of it, even if the price went up by a few cents, so demand is perfectly inelastic because I had no choice unless I wanted my social life to suffer. I bought the shoes because I liked the brand, so this purchase is relatively inelastic. I bought it as the price seemed just right. These reasons – price discount, need and brand desire – made demand elastic (iPod) or inelastic (toothpaste and shoes). Q3: Price discrimination is the practice of charging customers different prices for the same product because of factors like capacity to pay, geography or order size. Some universities practice price discrimination with financial aid, allowing them to charge rich kids higher fees and extending scholarships or tuition discounts to students from poorer families. If a theater showing Avatar charges less if they watch before 6:00 p.m., then it practices price discrimination to encourage more viewers on off-peak hours. Would I watch before 6:00 p.m.? It would depend on whether I am available, how much I can save, and what entertainment substitutes there are. The benefits of the lower price must be equal to or exceed the costs of my availing it. 1. List four factors that affect the demand for MBA degrees in the greater Kansas city area and How those factors affect the demand for MBA. Not that I am not asking about company hiring a person who has a MBA degree, I am asking about a person like you who is pursing a MBA degree. 2. List three things you purchased in past two weeks and tell whether your demand for goods or

LEGAL AND FINANCIAL ENVIRONMENT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LEGAL AND FINANCIAL ENVIRONMENT - Assignment Example This is the proportion of work done at the end of that period. UITF 40 method increases profits and tax. A single charge for service providers results in high financial difficulties and may lead to closure of the business. This affects service providers where a large amount of revenue is earned by owners and not employees. In case the contract is short-term, revenue is earned after selling or after working. Sometimes it may take place after delivery of the goods and their acceptance by the customers. Identification of UITF Abstract 40 has the highest benefits to proprietors who have contributed the highest value of the contract. Prior year adjustment accounts require a review of WIP for the earlier years which includes opening and closing balances, goodwill in the balance sheet that has been written off or amortised for any contracts that are in progress. All previous year’s figures are restated. All unaudited company accounts are added. While calculating incomes, ACCA advises that owners should deduct any incomplete work that is not billed in debtors-accrued income. Deduct all unclear balances of any contract; write off all insignificant amounts or any balances. Time records, diaries assess recovery records. The value of debtors is calculated as unbilled contracts. This contract contains all conditions agreed upon. They may include payment, working hours, overtime work and pay and resignation notices. Grace and Taylor require a written employment contract since they are many and work in various departments. According to Crmraeg (2014), employment contract contains employees’ employment conditions, their rights, responsibilities, and duties. Contracts are effective from the beginning of the work offer. The commencement of work indicates that the worker has agreed to the terms of the contract with the employer. Contracts will benefit this company since it contains details of payments, holidays,

Marketing Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Plan - Assignment Example Furthermore the report has also presented the marketing strategy by which Philip Morris can grab the intended market segment. Finally the report has also highlighted some of the contingency plans as well as the budget for the coming three years. Table of Contents Tobacco Consumption 4 Philip Morris: A Brief Introduction 5 Situation Analysis 5 Industry Analysis 5 Market Characteristics 7 Consumer Analysis 8 Competitor Analysis 8 Product Offerings 9 SWOT Analysis 9 Market Research and Information 10 Marketing Strategy 11 Missions and Values 11 Marketing Objectives 11 Financial Objectives 11 Target Market Segment 12 Positioning 12 Broad Overall Strategy 12 Marketing Mix 13 Financials 14 Control Procedures 14 Contingency Plan 15 References 16 Appendices 18 Tobacco Consumption The tobacco industry consists of a number of corporations that manufactures and sells tobacco and its related product all over the world. However among the tobacco products cigarettes are the most popular. Studies r eveal that there are billions of smokers around the world, although the figure dipped due government interventions. The interference of Governments of respective countries and banning of cigarettes in few places has hugely affected the sales of cigarettes. Also the health issues of cigarettes are impacting in the sales. Despite of the economic downturn and health issues the industry bears contradiction with elevated demands. In the context of the US market, the volume of the tobacco industry is simply huge however the industry has suffered greatly from the mid 1990s, when various states of the country had officially banned smoking of cigarettes. The states also highlighted that cigarettes causes cancer and all the companied indulged in this business knew the fact, but they intentionally understated their findings about the ill effects of it. This has led to the death and severe illness of a number of smokers around the world. Further the US government incorporated a number of polici es and laws in order to prohibit the selling of products related to tobacco. Despite of such strong rules and policies from the US government the industry maintained its strong hold. There are large numbers of cigarette companies operation within the US market and hence the level of competition is intense. Some of the evident companies that operate in the markets of US include Philip Morris, British American Tobacco (BAT), Universal Corporation, Standard Commercial, DIMON, Reynolds American, Lorillard Tobacco Company, and Vector Group's Liggett unit (Yahoo Finance, n.d.). Most of the tobacco companies operating in the markets of US spend huge bucks for promoting their products (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). In order to be more competitive the company needs to develop a sound marketing plan which will ensure higher visibility of their brand in the market place. Hence the marketing plan for Philip Morris is developed accordingly. Now to start off with the developm ent of marketing plan a brief introduction of the company has been presented below. Philip Morris: A Brief Introduction Philip Morris is a US based firm specializes in the manufacturing and selling of tobacco products. It is the US division of Altria Group Inc. Among the product mix of the company, it gives special emphasis to its cigarette segment. The company is currently headquartered in Richmond, Virginia

Healthy Grief Essay Example for Free

Healthy Grief Essay Feeling and expressing grief is unique to each individual and it depends on the nature of their loss. People experience all kinds of emotions, pain and sadness that are considered normal reactions to a significant loss. While there is no right or wrong way to grieve, there are healthy ways to cope with the grief (helpguide.org). Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, a Psychiatrist invented the â€Å"five stages of grief†, based on the grieving process when negative life changes and loses happen, such as death of a loved one. The five stages of grief according to Kubler-Ross are responses that many people may go through, but there is not a typical response to loss as there is no typical loss and everyone grieves differently (helpguide.org). The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. The story of Job in the Bible is an example that displays all the stages of grief set forth by Kubler-Ross’s grief model. Job was a Christian man who followed the path of God’s will in His life. Kubler-Ross was not a Christian, and formulated the grief model from observing patients in a hospital who were dying from terminal illness. Job suffered great loss in his life and endured different stages in his grieving process but never denounced God. The five stages of grief compared and contrasted with the life of Job Denial The first response of grief according to Kubler-Ross is denial and isolation. This is a stage of shock and numbness and a time when a grieving person is trying to grasp the situation that something tragic has just happened in their life. Job is grieving at his tremendous loss., he lost his children, his wealth and health. It seemed unreal to Job that he tore his clothes, shaved his head and fell on the ground. Job 1: 21 reads â€Å"Naked I came from my mother’s womb, and naked shall I return there. The Lord gave, and the Lord has taken away; Blessed be the name of the Lord â€Å"(The Christian Life Bible). Job mourned and lamented at his loss but did not reject God. In contrast to the grief model where the patients knew they were going to die, Job even in his loss knew that he had life. Job maintained total submission to God’s plan in his life. The things of this world can become overwhelming and meaningless to those who are grieving a great loss but knowing God can help to overcome all difficulties of life. Anger Anger is the second stage of grief. According to Kubler-Ross when a patient can no longer maintain the denial stage, they enter into the stage of anger, rage and resentment and start questioning everyone and everything (Roy,A.). Job cursed the day he was born. Job3:16 illustrate his frustration and he felt that death would be easier to endure than his grief. Job is angry and felt betrayed by God. Job’s anger becomes obvious and can be seen in Job 7:11-15. According to Kubler- Ross, anger is a defense used against the primary feelings of hopelessness and helplessness (grief.com). Job is defending himself by showing his anger to ease his pain of loss. But even in his anger, Job maintains communication with God. The feeling of anger may be towards anyone, may be a person who didn’t attend the funeral, doctors, other family members, loved one who have passed (grief.com). It is natural to feel pain and deserted in this stage and finds it hard to accept the loss. Bargaining In this stage, feeling of guilt is common and trying to blame it on ourselves and questioning selves for things that could have been done different to prevent the loss. A grieving person may bargain or try to negotiate a compromise to ease their pain and try to do anything to not feel the pain of loss. For example, a Hindu friend of mine once wrote a letter to Billy Graham indicating to heal her dying mother from cancer and if the mother lives then she will convert to Christianity. That was a bargain and it did not work. Job is bargaining with God in chapter 13:20-21,† Only two things do not do to me, and then I will not hide myself from You. Withdraw your Hand far from me. And let not the dread of you make me afraid† (The Christian Life Bible). For Job, blaming God and everyone seemed natural due to the fear of taking responsibility for what has happened (faiththerapy.org). Job wants to put an end to his suffering, but instead he bowed down in humility and trusting more in God. Job did not listen to his wife’s plea to curse God and to die, but he remained in submission to God’s plan in his life. Depression According to Kubler-Ross, grief becomes deeper in this stage and feelings of emptiness and intense sadness and loss of hope invades life. When bargaining does not help, the reality of depression sets in. This is a noticeable stage as people are down and uncertain about their future. The loss of a loved one is heart breaking and a stage of depression is considered normal and appropriate in a healthy grieving process by Kubler-Ross (grief.com). It shows that the person has at least begun to accept the reality. Job 7:6 reads,† My days are swifter than a waver’s shuttle, and are spent without hope.† (The Christian Life Bible). Job is facing sadness about the situation that he is facing which is not under his control. Even though Job was depressed he never ran from God’s presence. Job 42:5-6 reads â€Å"I have heard of You by the hearing of the ear, But now my eye sees You. Therefore I abhor myself, and repent in dust and ashes (The Christian Life Bible). Acceptance During this stage according to Kubler-Ross, the person has accepted the reality of the loss of their loved ones and realizes that fighting is not going to make any difference. The loved one is no more physically present and that it is a permanent loss. Past is gone and a new future is set in front to run the race in the absence of the loved one. Job is also finally accepting the fact of his total loss and tries to resolve and come into a trusting relationship with God. In chapter 38 of Job, it displays the fact that Job finally heard from God again. This is an essential step in the grief process to restore relationships and to come in terms with life and meaning to move on with life. Through acceptance, God blessed Job again with more blessings than before and ultimately he regains his strength back. Job 42:10 reads† And the Lord restored Job’s loses when he prayed for his friends. Indeed the Lord gave Job twice as much as he had before.†(The Christian Life Bible). Conclusion From the grief model of Kubler-Ross and the story of Job from the Bible it is clear that grief is a natural process that everyone endures at some point of their life. From the theory of Kubler –Ross, the author points out that a person may or may not go through all the stages during a grieving process and the duration may not be the same and will depend on how one handles grief in their life. The component of faith is not central to Kubler-Ross’s grieving process. Job responds to his grieving situations as a normal person would respond but his tremendous faith in God enables him to overcome all obstacles and regain his joy in life. His faith alone in God carried him through such devastating times. This understanding can become a tremendous source of strength when we find ourselves facing the unthinkable. Job was a man of great integrity who loved the Lord deeply and his faith was genuine, personal and deep. Grieving is a personal experience and how a person grieves depends on their coping style, faith and the nature of loss. It is important to take care of the physical and emotional needs during a grieving process. Unresolved grief can lead to serious consequences in life that can create health problems such as depression, anxiety and substance abuse (helpguide.org). The grieving process takes time and healing happens gradually. Whatever grief a person experiences, it is important to be patient and allow the process to unfold naturally and not to be forced or hurried. References Biblical Answers for Grief. Faith Therapy. Retrieved from http://www.faiththerapy.org/Grief%20Topic.html Coping with Grief and Loss. Understanding the Grieving Process. Retrieved from http://www.helpguide.org/mental/grief_loss.htm Kubler-Ross Five Stages Model. Retrieved from http://www.change-management-coach.com/kubler-ross.html Roy, A. (1991). The Book of Job: A Grief and Human Development Interpretation. Journal of Religion and Health, 30(2). Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00988704 The Five Stages of Grief. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross David Kessler. Retrieved from http://grief.com/the-five-stages-of-grief/ The Christian Life Bible (1998). Thomas Nelson Publishers.

Discovery Of Losartan Potassium Health And Social Care Essay

Discovery Of Losartan Potassium Health And Social Care Essay Losartan is the first angiotensin II receptor antagonist drug to be marketed for use mainly to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). Losartan was first discovered in March 1986 by scientists on their first assignments at a corporate research laboratory, in Du Pont, as DuP 753(Merck 954), a highly potent and orally active non-peptide Ang II receptor antagonist. At the time, DuPont as a company was rather new to pharmaceutical business. The company had previously been dealing in chemicals, but the in the 1970s when the demand for Petroleum and its related products natural gas drove prices high, management attempted to diversify the business by seeking other business avenues to reduce their dependency on chemicals in a hope of also increasing their profit. As a result of creating new business, DuPont had ventured into pharmaceuticals and other life sciences businesses by the 1980s. Losartan work was one of the compounds DuPont research labs worked on. The company being inexperience in this area of business, hired Robert I. Taber, a scientist with two decades of research experience with Schering, to head pharmaceutical research at DuPont.It was Taber who recognized the areas of potentials and encouraged the research team to delve further. However, DuPont being a fairly young company in these areas would lead to other weighty problems, and these issues were quickly settled by a collaboration with the more experienced Merck, who also recognised the Potential of Losartan and convinced DuPont that there was more to be gained by working on Losartan. Development of Losartan was done after a series of efforts. The final market product was Co-Developed with Scientists from both Merck DuPont. [BHARDWAJ, G., 2006] Losartan was approved by the FDA in April 1995, and it was then launched that month as the first non-peptide anti-hypertensive drug in the new class of Ang II receptor antagonists. Merck started selling losartan under the trade names CozaarT and HyzaarT with annual sales in excess of $3 Billion Dollars by 2005. Chemical Structure (IUPAC) nomenclature (2-butyl-4-chloro-1-{[2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) biphenyl-4-yl] methyl}-1H-imidazol-5-yl) methanol Chemical data Formula C22H23ClN6O Mol. mass 422.91 Action of Losartan Losartan selectively inhibits all Ang II responses that have been studied and lowered blood pressure in several animal models of renin-dependent hypertension. In animals, the antihypertensive efficacy of losartan has been found to be similar to that of the ACE Inhibitors (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors) but, unlike ACE inhibitors, losartan is a more selective inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system since it does not affect the metabolism of kinins. Compared with peptide Ang II antagonists (e.g. saralasin), losartan has significant advantages, including a long duration of action, effective oral absorption and no Ang II agonist activity. [SIEGL, P.K., 1993] Indications Hypertension Losartan tablets is indicated for the treatment of hypertension. Losartan can be used alone or used in combination with other antihypertensive agents, including diuretics. [Rx LIST THE INTERNET DRUG INDEX., 2009] Hypertensive Patients with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Losartan is also indicated in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy to reduce the risk of stroke, but there has been a study to suggest that Losartan is not beneficial with Black patients in reducing the risk of stroke. [Rx LIST THE INTERNET DRUG INDEX.,2009] In the LIFE study, it was found out that Black patients with conditions of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy had a lower risk of stroke on atenolol than on Losartan. However, there was some shortcomings of the LIFE study, as it did not provide evidence that the benefits of Losartan in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy by reducing the risk of cardiovascular events applied to Black patients. [Rx LIST THE INTERNET DRUG INDEX.,2009] Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Losartan is also very useful in the treatment of patients with diabetic nephropathy, where there is an elevation of serum creatinine and proteinuria (urinary albumin to creatinine ratio à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 300 mg/g) in patients that have type 2 diabetes and a history of hypertension. In this group, Losartan has been shown to reduce the rate of progression of the nephropathy. This is measured by the occurrence of doubling of serum creatinine or end stage renal disease where there is need for dialysis or renal transplantation. [Rx LIST THE INTERNET DRUG INDEX.,2009] SPECIFIC PRODUCTS ( CONTAINING THIS DRUG) AVAILABLE FOR USE IN GIVEN CONDITION Combination therapy: A combination therapy is used if losartan monotherapy alone is not sufficient to control hypertension. Hence, losartan is available in combination with hydrochlorothiazide in different strengths as follows:[BRITISH NATIONAL FORMULARY., 2009] Losartan 50mg + Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5mg Losartan 100mg + Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5mg Losartan 100mg + Hydrochlorothiazide 25mg. The above combination is used for treatment of high blood pressure and stroke in patients with heart disease. It is a prescription only medicine. [MEDICINES AND HEALTH CARE PRODUCTS REGULATORY AGENCY., 2009] EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY FOR THIS TREATMENT. Clinical trials have shown a better efficiency of losartan as an antihypertensive by itself and a further higher efficiency in a combined state with hydrochlorothiazide. For example : a double-blind, multicenter, randomized, parallel group study performed on African Americans (who are generally less responsive to monotherapy from any hypertensive class), with severe hypertension have shown a significant reduction in sitting diastolic and systolic blood pressure with losartan monotherapy (45.8%) when compared with placebo (27.2%) . In the same study, the combination losartan/ hydrochlorothiazide regimen showed significant higher reductions (62.7%) in blood pressure compared with losartan monotherapy or placebo. More over, both the regimens i.e losartan monotherapy and the losartan/hydrochlorothiazide were as well tolerated as the placebo[FLACK, et al., 2001]. Other studies were performed on hypertensive patients who had discontinued treatment with calcium channel blockers and angiote nsin converting enzyme inhibitors due to side effects like peripheral edema or dry cough respectively. These patients when treated with losartan have shown as much reduction and control over blood pressure as they use to with previous therapies.[GIOVANNETTI, et al., 1997]. And quite interestingly it has also been observed that the clinical side effects were minimal with losartan treatment and the haematologic and biochemical profiles were also not disturbed. [GIOVANNETTI, et al., 1997] Studies performed on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic parameters of losartan on healthy male volunteers and also on special patient groups like elderly patients with renal impairment and those having liver disease, suggest that losartan is orally active and its effect lasts for over 24 hours. None of the patient groups showed any significant pharmacokinetic interactions[McINTYRE, et al., 1997]. Losartan 50mg appears to be a safe starting and maintenance dose in most patient populations. However, when an additive effect is required, it can be easily combined with thiazide diuretics to achieve the target blood pressure. Losartan has low discontinuation rate and it has also been observed that it was not associated with cough even in patients who experience this side effect with to ACE inhibitors [McINTYRE, et al., 1997]. A BRIEF COMPARISON WITH OTHER MEDICINAL PRODUCT USED TO TREAT THE SAME AILMENT Losartan potassium, is an angiotensin receptor antagonist (AT1) used in the treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. However, a comparison with other ARB(e.g. valsartan and candesartan) shows that, these drugs have the same mechanism of action, though, their differences in pharmacokinetic profile may be responsible for their differences in efficacy in the treatment of hypertension. Losartan and valsartan when compared, exhibited a similar reduction in blood pressure at a lower concentration ,however, valsartan has a higher response rate and more effective 24hours blood pressure control rate at the dose of 160mg and 80mg respectively than losartan at 100mg and 50mg respectively.[BURNIER BRUNNER 2000]. Candesartan 8mg and 16mg has also demonstrated a more lasting antihypertensive effect than losartan 50mg and 100mg in ambulatory BP monitoring.[LACOURCIERE ASMAR 1999] A brief comparison with other medicinal products from the other class like B- adrenergic blocker(e.g. atenolol), ACEI(e.g. enerlapril), calcium channel blocker(e.g. felodipine) and diuretics were based on the efficacy, tolerability and safety in the treatment of essential hypertension. Losartan , when compared with amilodipine has been shown to exhibit a similar clinically relevant reduction in patients with systolic blood pressure, however, losartan was better tolerated as evidenced by fewer clinically adverse effect(CAE)and discontinuation compare with amlodipine [VOLPE, et al., 2003]. Meanwhile, in the contrasting effect of losartan, nifedipine GIT, and fosinopril on the ambulatory blood pressure, cardiac structure and function, and protective function of the endothelium in patients with essential hypertension, nifedipine GIT is superior to others in plate- granule membrane protein (GMP), while fosinopril and losartan had a preffered action to nifedipine GIT in reversing ventricul ar hypertrophy, however, losartan was better tolerated than the other drugs [QI XIURONG 2001]. Losartan potassium has been known to exhibit a fewer drug related adverse effect in contrast to other medicinal products in the other classes used in the treatment of hypertension. [GOLDBERG, et al., 1995] In summary, losartan potassium has an excellent tolerability profile in patient with essential hypertension and, in a demographic sub group of elderly versus young, women versus men and black versus non black; it has been shown to have an excellent safety profile. ADVANTAGES OF LOSARTAN POTASSIUM. Side effect; In the treatment of hypertension, losartan has exhibited fewer drug related side effect when it was compared with other class of antihypertensive agents .[GOLDBERG, et al., 1995] Tolerance; when compared in patients with essential hypertension, losartan was better tolerated than other agents from the other class and hence an excellent tolerability profile. Safety profile; It has a good safety profile in a demographic sub groups. It doesnt produce rebound high blood pressure when it is withdrawn. DISADVANTAGES OF LOSARTAN POTASSIUM. 1 Losartan has been associated with some damaging effect on the foetus which may include reduced body weight, death and kidney injuries hence it is contraindicated in pregnancy. [GOLDBERG, et al., 1995] Analysis of the market potential for the development of new drug candidates to treat the given condition Development of new drug products has always been a challenging task. Growth in technology resulted in an evolution in pharmaceutical world and has paved way for research and development to meet demands for more efficient products. About one billion people have been affected by hypertension world wide and reports also says that in US alone 65 millions people are affected by high blood pressure.[SMITH ASHIYA 2007]. This indicates the level of demand of antihypertensives world wide. Efforts have been made and many potential drugs have been developed till date. However the expiry of patents of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) opened doors for arrival of cheap generic products which resulted in a threat to the global pharmaceutical market. Data monitoring of the sales of antihypertensives in seven major global markets (i.e UK, France, US, Italy, Spain, Germany and Japan ) predicted sales of upto $ 29.5 billions by 2018, which would be a drop of $6 billion when compared to that of 2008. Considering above threats, the big pharmaceutical companies are under an impression that it is not worth to spend on research and development of novel therapies and they appear to be moving away from investing in research and development to develop more efficient antihypertensive therapies. [THE MEDICAL NEWS., 2009] Product Name Patent Number Patent Expiration Mercks COZAAR (losartan potassium) 5,138,069*PED  Ã‚   11 Feb,2010 Mercks COZAAR (losartan potassium) 5,153,197*PED   06 Apr, 2010 Mercks COZAAR (losartan potassium) 5,210,079*PED  Ã‚   11 Nov,2010 Table showing the expiry of patent of COZAAR (losartan potassium) Angiotensin receptor blocker. [DRUG PATENT WATCH., 2010] Short comings of the existing treatment to justify new drug development Though antihypertensive agents were able to achieve significant control over hypertension induced morbidity and mortality, still there is much to be done. For example: disappointments associated with coronary artery disease, risk of cardiovascular events even after treatment with antiphyertensive agents and comparatively higher possibility of cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients compared to normotensive patients. These effects are thought to be due to inability of existing antihypertensives to reverse other associated factors like left ventricular hypertrophy, negative metabolic effects and risk associated with overtreatment.[HANSSON, L., 1991]. Hence there is a need for an ideal hypertensive agent which may be able to control blood pressure to normotensive levels whilst being free of negative metabolic effects. Moreover, it should also be able to reverss cardiovascular changes like cardiac hypertrophy and control tissue damage in case of possible vascular complications. [H ANSSON, L., 1991]. Analysis of data available on search engines indicates the promising role of upcoming gene therapy and nano-technology to produce new drug candidates. For example: Exploring areas like gene transcripton, molecular genetic regulation of blood pressure ( targeting genetic risk factors as in cases of essential hypertension) appears to be a new hope for future developments of antihypertensives.[KURTZ GARDNER 1998] Possible potential for new therapy. Research is currently being carried out to explore the potential of upcoming gene therapy and nano-technology to produce new drug candidates. For example: Areas like gene transcripton, molecular genetic regulation of blood pressure ( targeting genetic risk factors as in case of essential hypertension) appears to be a new hope for future developments of antihypertensives.[KURTZ GARDNER 1998]. However alternatively, combination products containing antihypertensives and statins could be a new hope for future developments. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦

Social Media and its Influence on our Youth Essay -- Twitter, Facebook,

The correlation between the development of youth and social media has become blatant. Although few of the consequences are favorable, the majority have displayed a negative impact. The drive social media can implement on youth is exceptional. The pressure and strain social media can place on our youth is an enduring force which leads individuals to question themselves as a person and feel inclined to fit a norm expressed in media and social media of our society. The underlying force social media can play in the lives of the youth is astonishing and is a force that must be dealt with and controlled, for it not only holds the power to give an individual strength, but also to break them down. Social media is described as content created and shared by individuals on the web using freely available websites that allow users to create and post their own images, video and text information and then share that with either the entire internet or just a select group of friends (Affilorama, 2012). They are more like a website allowing you to express your daily activities, beliefs, locations, likes, dislikes, photos, music, etc. They are used by creating a profile, and logging in through either the website, or apps now used on smartphones, or any portable device with Wi-Fi connection. Although most social media networks are directed towards adults and young adults, young children are getting into these websites as well. There are usually age limits but there isn’t a certainty that all the users provided their actual age, allowing whoever wants to be a member of these sites to bypass an age limit â€Å"security† procedure. Facebook and MySpace require users to be at le ast 13, but they have no practical way to verify ages, and many young users prete... ...he Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families. Retrieved May 14, 2012, from Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/127/4/800.full Ron, C. (2010). What is the purpose of LinkedIn and how can it help expand business? Retrieved May 15, 2012, from LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/answers/marketing-sales/sales/lead-generation/MAR_SLS_LGN/764379-73067709 Thomas, T. (2012). 30 Statistics about Teens and Social Networking. Retrieved May 13, 2012, from Top Ten Reviews: http://facebook-parental-controls-review.toptenreviews.com/30-statistics-about-teens-and-social-networking.html Wikipedia.org (2012). Facebook. Retrieved May 11, 2012, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook Wikipedia.org (2012). Twitter. Retrieved 05 11, 2012, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter

Photography History in the News Essay

Over two centuries, civilizations have used print media to spread news and information to the masses. During a period of time around 59 B.C the Roman Acta Diurna, is the earliest recorded â€Å"newspaper†. Julius Caesar, wanting to inform the public about important social and political happenings, ordered upcoming events posted in major cities. Written on large white boards and displayed in popular places like the Baths, the Acta kept citizens informed about government scandals, military campaigns, trials and executions. In 8th century China, the first newspapers appeared as hand-written newssheets in Beijing. In the year 1969 extraordinary activity in the exhibition field vied with the introduction of new products and it called as photographic year. The year’s largest display both of products and pictures was held at the nine-day Photo Expo 69, which filled all four exhibition floors of the New York Coliseum and drew a total of nearly 100,000 visitors. More than 3,000 black-and-white and color photographs by amateurs and professionals were displayed, and individual exhibits covered space photography and other specialized fields. Supplementing the print shows were a number of temporary theaters for slides and movies which reflected the newest ideas in the presentation of these media. Among other shows that attracted attention and drew visitors was ‘600 Faces by Beaton, 1928-1969,’ originally exhibited at the National Portrait Gallery in London and shown in the United States at the Museum of the City of New York. It was the largest one-man show (and the only one-man show of British photographer and designer Cecil Beaton) ever held in New York, and it contained portraits of many of the outstanding personalities of the past four decades. Later on, photojournalism was introduced to accompany the written information, because photojournalism has unique power to fix events, places and human in our collective history. But before we move on further, let us try to determine first what is photograph? A photograph is a picture produce through the chemical action of light on sensitive film. It is a medium of recording reality that is iconic as well as indexical. Although a photograph resembles or imitates something, making it iconic, it achieves this through the use of light from the subject, therefore making it less arbitrary. However, a photograph is a representation of a particular moment and situation in time. Barthes expressed his view that a newspaper photograph is, ‘an object that has been worked on, chosen, composed, constructed, treated according to professional, aesthetic or ideological norms which are so many factors of connotation.’(cited in Bagnell, 1977: p.98). Traveling photographic exhibits visited many cities in the United States, Canada, and Latin America during the year. Among the exhibits sponsored by the George Eastman House, the museum of photography at Rochester, N.Y., were ‘Contemporary Photographers,’ a multipart exhibition; a retrospective of the work of Eugà ¨ne Atget, a French photographer active in the early part of the century; and ‘Photography in the Twentieth Century.’ The Smithsonian Institution, in Washington, D.C., sent out several traveling shows, which included ‘Australia—The Sunburnt Country,’ ‘The Color of Man,’ ‘The Concerned Photographer,’ and ‘Laos.’ The technological revolution of today is creating new challenges and opportunities for traditional media. Today books, newspapers, magazines and any other forms of media is really using photograph to illustrate or to picture out the of   they mean in their written information. Literature Cited Newspaper the History. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper#History

Nonverbal Communication Reflection Paper

Reflection Paper on Nonverbal Communication I learned a lot about Human Communication when I read the chapter about Nonverbal Communication. Nonverbal Communication is the process of using messages that are not words to generate meaning. I learned that it happens every day. I also learned that is very hard to read or understand depending on the person you are speaking to or with. Verbal and Nonverbal codes work in conjunction with each other. The words we speak or say are used in conjunction six different ways: to repeat, to emphasize, to complement, to contradict, to substitute, and to regulate. I never knew until reading this chapter that we do these things all most every time we communicate. These are things I took for granted until now. I now know that I will pay closer attention when speaking so I can work on how I communicate my nonverbal codes. I also learned that nonverbal codes consist of nonword symbols. Those symbols are bodily movements, facial expressions, bodily appearance, and personal space, time, touching, vocal cues, clothing and artifacts. I now know from this lesson that I also so all of these things as well when communicating. Everyone uses one or more of these when they communicate. I know from my own experience that people can read me by my kinesics. I know that I need to be more aware of how I communicate my nonword symbols. People can stereotype you if you are not careful. Understanding nonverbal communication is more common than not. I now understand how to interpret nonverbal codes better than I did before. I am also aware now of how I should speak to people using my nonverbal codes so that they may understand me as well. This chapter was very interesting to me because all of the things we do without speaking to people is amazing. I never paid attention before. I now understand nonverbal communication as well as how to use it in my everyday life better than I did before taking this class.